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Tuesday, 21 May 2013
Sunday, 19 May 2013
Thursday, 9 May 2013
Who Ir. Sukarno
Who Ir. Sukarno
Ir. Sukarno-or better known by the name of the people of Indonesia Soekarno-in sheet Indonesian constitutional history was recorded as the first President of the Republic of Indonesia. But his role in the struggle of the Indonesian nation is actually much broader. Beliaulah-with Drs. Moh. Hatta-read the Declaration of Independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, so given the title of Mr. Proclaimers. In addition, he is also recognized as the Father of the Nation (the founding fathers) who has played a part in raising, giving the nation's identity and then laid the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia, Pancasila, which was first raised on June 1, 1945.
Sukarno was born in Surabaya on June 6, 1901. His father was a teacher named R. Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, being his mother, Nyoman Rai, is a relative of a nobleman in Singaraja (Bali).
Since a young age, even while still in school in HBS (Hogere Burger School, high school high school) Surabaya, he has stepped in to fight for the independence of his people, by entering the Tri Koro Darmo organizations, youth organizations which later changed its name to the Jong Java. Even semasih in HBS Bung Karno also began writing political articles against Dutch colonialism in the newspapers led SI leaders, HOS. Tjokroaminoto, Oetoesan Indies.
Setamatnya of Bandung Technische Hoge School (now ITB) he refused to become a colonial civil servants. Instead on July 4, 1927 with Mr. Sartono, Ir. Anwari, Mr. Sunario and others he founded the PNI, a political party that has a program to achieve the independence of Indonesia. In 1927 also spearheaded the establishment of Bung Karno PPPKI (Covenant of Political Parties Indonesian Nationality), a combination of organizations and political parties that fought for the independence of Indonesia, including PNI, PSII, Budi Utomo, Pasundan, Sumatranen Bond, and The Betawi.
Because of his political activities in 1930 Bung Karno colonial government arrested and later sentenced to 4 years. In his defense speech titled Landraad Bandung Indonesia Sues stir internationally, so the colonial government on December 31, 1931 was forced to acquit Bung Karno before his sentence is completed.
Sekeluarnya from prison Sukamiskin turns Bung Karno activity is not reduced. In fact, he decided to go into Partindo Party (Indonesia), and led the party's radical magazine, Thoughts Ra'jat. 1934 Bung Karno exiled to Ende (Flores), and then in 1938 moved to Bengkulu.
As the internment, Bung Karno keep spreading the ideals of independence. Since at Bung Karno Ende established repertory, named Flores, and had staged his writing stories, such as "Dr. Satan "and" 1945 ". Activity was passed in Bengkulu. Even in the new exile Bung Karno active in educational activities through Muhammadiyah.
When Japan invaded Indonesia, the Dutch Bung Karno will be brought to Australia. But it turns out that plan failed, so the Bung Karno fall in the Japanese army rule. Realizing the magnitude of influence among the people of Bung Karno Indonesia, Japan finally brought Bung Karno in Jakarta.
According to the agreement among the leaders of the movement, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta fight in the middle of the army of occupation, while Sjahrir went underground. On June 1, 1945, in front of the Board of Inquiry hearing Efforts Preparation of Indonesian Independence, Bung Karno convey his idea of Pancasila, the state philosophy as the basis of an independent Indonesia. In the end of the trial BPUPKI, the precepts of Pancasila was approved for inclusion in the Preamble to the Constitution of 1945.
After learning that the Japanese capitulated to the Allies, on August 17, 1945 Bung Karno and Bung Hatta read the proclamation of Indonesian independence in the home page Bung Karno in Jakarta Pegangsaan Road 56 East. A day later, at trial the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Bung Karno was unanimously elected as the first president of the Republic of Indonesia.
Facing Dutch colonialism attempts to re-colonize Indonesia, Bung Karno decided to move to Yogyakarta and lead the struggle of the city. Only after the Round Table Conference in The Hague to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno, and all levels of government returned to Jakarta.
Thanks to the leadership of Sukarno eventually the United Republic of Indonesia which was originally planned Dutch failed on August 1, 1950 and returned to the Unitary State of Indonesia. Bung Karno finally managed to complete it after the Dutch Unitary willing to cede West Irian to Indonesia in 1962.
During his time as President Bung Karno also continue to fight for the independence of colonized countries. Thanks to the ideas held Asian-African Conference in Bandung in April 1955, a number of countries in Asia-Africa managed to gain its independence. Bung Karno endlessly striving for world peace, such as the Conference of Non-Aligned rally with a number of third world leaders such as Nehru, Nasser, Tito and Nkrumah. Thanks to the struggle Bung Karno also received the title Hero of Islam Asia-Africa. Weekly Time and influential internationally include Bung Karno in Asia were influential figures in the twentieth century, parallel to Nehru, Nasser and Mao Zedong.
Bung Karno own personal extraordinary. No wonder analysts say, as long as 100 years in Indonesia is not necessarily born of a character like Bung Karno. He is not only known as a great orator, but also a master diplomat.
Bung Karno received Doctor Honoris Causa from 26 universities at home and abroad. Aside from leading universities in Indonesia such as the University of Gajah Mada, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Padjadjaran University, Hasanuddin University and Jakarta State Islamic Institute, also from foreign universities. Among them, Columbia University (USA), Berlin University (Germany), Lomonosov University (Moscow), Al-Azhar University (Cairo). Broad range of scientific fields show insight Bung Karno. Not only in Engineering Sciences, but also in Social and Political Science, Legal Studies, History of Science, Philosophy and Science of Islamic Theology.
Ir. Sukarno-or better known by the name of the people of Indonesia Soekarno-in sheet Indonesian constitutional history was recorded as the first President of the Republic of Indonesia. But his role in the struggle of the Indonesian nation is actually much broader. Beliaulah-with Drs. Moh. Hatta-read the Declaration of Independence of Indonesia on August 17, 1945, so given the title of Mr. Proclaimers. In addition, he is also recognized as the Father of the Nation (the founding fathers) who has played a part in raising, giving the nation's identity and then laid the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia, Pancasila, which was first raised on June 1, 1945.
Sukarno was born in Surabaya on June 6, 1901. His father was a teacher named R. Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, being his mother, Nyoman Rai, is a relative of a nobleman in Singaraja (Bali).
Since a young age, even while still in school in HBS (Hogere Burger School, high school high school) Surabaya, he has stepped in to fight for the independence of his people, by entering the Tri Koro Darmo organizations, youth organizations which later changed its name to the Jong Java. Even semasih in HBS Bung Karno also began writing political articles against Dutch colonialism in the newspapers led SI leaders, HOS. Tjokroaminoto, Oetoesan Indies.
Setamatnya of Bandung Technische Hoge School (now ITB) he refused to become a colonial civil servants. Instead on July 4, 1927 with Mr. Sartono, Ir. Anwari, Mr. Sunario and others he founded the PNI, a political party that has a program to achieve the independence of Indonesia. In 1927 also spearheaded the establishment of Bung Karno PPPKI (Covenant of Political Parties Indonesian Nationality), a combination of organizations and political parties that fought for the independence of Indonesia, including PNI, PSII, Budi Utomo, Pasundan, Sumatranen Bond, and The Betawi.
Because of his political activities in 1930 Bung Karno colonial government arrested and later sentenced to 4 years. In his defense speech titled Landraad Bandung Indonesia Sues stir internationally, so the colonial government on December 31, 1931 was forced to acquit Bung Karno before his sentence is completed.
Sekeluarnya from prison Sukamiskin turns Bung Karno activity is not reduced. In fact, he decided to go into Partindo Party (Indonesia), and led the party's radical magazine, Thoughts Ra'jat. 1934 Bung Karno exiled to Ende (Flores), and then in 1938 moved to Bengkulu.
As the internment, Bung Karno keep spreading the ideals of independence. Since at Bung Karno Ende established repertory, named Flores, and had staged his writing stories, such as "Dr. Satan "and" 1945 ". Activity was passed in Bengkulu. Even in the new exile Bung Karno active in educational activities through Muhammadiyah.
When Japan invaded Indonesia, the Dutch Bung Karno will be brought to Australia. But it turns out that plan failed, so the Bung Karno fall in the Japanese army rule. Realizing the magnitude of influence among the people of Bung Karno Indonesia, Japan finally brought Bung Karno in Jakarta.
According to the agreement among the leaders of the movement, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta fight in the middle of the army of occupation, while Sjahrir went underground. On June 1, 1945, in front of the Board of Inquiry hearing Efforts Preparation of Indonesian Independence, Bung Karno convey his idea of Pancasila, the state philosophy as the basis of an independent Indonesia. In the end of the trial BPUPKI, the precepts of Pancasila was approved for inclusion in the Preamble to the Constitution of 1945.
After learning that the Japanese capitulated to the Allies, on August 17, 1945 Bung Karno and Bung Hatta read the proclamation of Indonesian independence in the home page Bung Karno in Jakarta Pegangsaan Road 56 East. A day later, at trial the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence Bung Karno was unanimously elected as the first president of the Republic of Indonesia.
Facing Dutch colonialism attempts to re-colonize Indonesia, Bung Karno decided to move to Yogyakarta and lead the struggle of the city. Only after the Round Table Conference in The Hague to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia, Soekarno, and all levels of government returned to Jakarta.
Thanks to the leadership of Sukarno eventually the United Republic of Indonesia which was originally planned Dutch failed on August 1, 1950 and returned to the Unitary State of Indonesia. Bung Karno finally managed to complete it after the Dutch Unitary willing to cede West Irian to Indonesia in 1962.
During his time as President Bung Karno also continue to fight for the independence of colonized countries. Thanks to the ideas held Asian-African Conference in Bandung in April 1955, a number of countries in Asia-Africa managed to gain its independence. Bung Karno endlessly striving for world peace, such as the Conference of Non-Aligned rally with a number of third world leaders such as Nehru, Nasser, Tito and Nkrumah. Thanks to the struggle Bung Karno also received the title Hero of Islam Asia-Africa. Weekly Time and influential internationally include Bung Karno in Asia were influential figures in the twentieth century, parallel to Nehru, Nasser and Mao Zedong.
Bung Karno own personal extraordinary. No wonder analysts say, as long as 100 years in Indonesia is not necessarily born of a character like Bung Karno. He is not only known as a great orator, but also a master diplomat.
Bung Karno received Doctor Honoris Causa from 26 universities at home and abroad. Aside from leading universities in Indonesia such as the University of Gajah Mada, Universitas Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Padjadjaran University, Hasanuddin University and Jakarta State Islamic Institute, also from foreign universities. Among them, Columbia University (USA), Berlin University (Germany), Lomonosov University (Moscow), Al-Azhar University (Cairo). Broad range of scientific fields show insight Bung Karno. Not only in Engineering Sciences, but also in Social and Political Science, Legal Studies, History of Science, Philosophy and Science of Islamic Theology.
syech sukarno
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Unfortunately, Sukarno was stabbed by a country that he loved so much.Apparently, the revolution-as often didengungkannyamust prey on their own children and it is tragic Sukarno.
Decades after the figure of Sukarno died,his name was still being hailed and discussed with great admiration.And every time there is talk of Sukarno,I finally realized how important the role of Sukarno incarve the name of the nation on the international stage.
of alienation, won glory, then leadthe tragedy that has made it aprey of the great train called revolution.if later he died in a conspiracy and solitude,then it's just a tragedy that became final in the story of his life,,
At the time of our nation's pride on a child loses his own nation,longing Sukarno along the river will continue to beat our historicity.As we are faced with a number of politicians with no vision,hence the name of this nation 'frustrations on the world stage.It is ironic because before Sukarno able to fill the empty spaces of the pride,but we just forget about it.Our great nation, we are not a nation of tempeh. We will not beg, we will not ask for it, especially if it aids diembel embroider with this condition that requirement! Better eat cassava but independent of the feed Bestik but slaves. "Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation, 1963"
LBH struggle easier because repel invaders, tp your struggle will be more difficult because against your own people. - "Bung Karno"
"Give me an old 1000, will be pulled from its roots semeru, give me 1 youth, surely will kuguncangkan world". (Bung Karno)
"Great nation is a nation that respects the services of his hero." (Heroes Day Speech 10 Nop.1961)
If someone is still inside there is a sense of shame and fear to do something good, then it is a guarantee for the meeting he will not progress a single step. "Bung Karno"
"No one has to calculate: how lucky I got later of the Republic, when I struggled and sacrificed to defend it". (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation of 1956 Bung Karno)
words of wisdom pearls Ir. soekarno
Make this my suffering as a witness, that the power of a president even if there is a limit. Due to the lasting power is people power. And above all is the power of God Almighty.
Do not suppose we've all been pretty instrumental in terms of three colors. As long as there is still mourning in shacks our work done! Fight continues to pour as much-a lot of sweat. (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation, 1950 Bung Karno)
".......... Build a world where all people live in peace and brotherhood ......" (Bung Karno)
"We do not live in the light of the full moon, we still live in a transition period, remains eager eagle eagle". (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation, 1949 Sukarno)
"The Word of God is gitaku, this is the Word of God must be Gitamu:" Innallahu la yu ma ghoiyiru bikaumin, hatta yu ma ghoiyiru biamfusihim ". "God did not changed the fate of a nation before it changed the nation's fate" (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation, 1964 Bung Karno)
"Are we Weaknesses: Our weakness is that we lack confidence in ourselves as a nation, so that we become a nation of copycats overseas, less trusting of each other, but we are the original People's Mutual Aid" (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation, 1966 Bung Karno)
Do not look into the future with eyes blind! The past is useful to be glass bengala of the future. "Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation of 1966, Sukarno".
"The nation that does not believe in the power itself as a nation, can not stand as an independent nation." (Speech Anniversary of the Proclamation of 1963 Bung Karno)
The above is only partially wisdom word pearl Ir. Soekarno, still many others. We briefly trail, 1901an first year on the 6th of June in the town of Blitar, a child was born who was given the name Koesno sosrodiharjo. Of the fruit of love of a married couple Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo and Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai. Around the year 1945 - 1966 he served as the first president of Indonesia, and died in the capital Jakarta on 21 June 1970.
Podpolkovnik ZAGOVOR ZHERTV Sukharto-Aydit
Podpolkovnik ZAGOVOR ZHERTV Sukharto-Aydit
Nedavney redaktsionnoy TNI chasy! poluchil informatsiyu ot byvshego politzaklyuchennogo (podpolkovnik Pilot ch). On razvedki ofitsera VVS, kogda sobytiya "G.30.S" vspykhnul. Kogda
tomitsya v RTM (gauptvakhta) Budi Utomo, Tsentral'noy Dzhakarte, nash istochnik byl razgovor s Sudisman (odin iz chlenov Politbyuro PKI), ob intsidente, konechno, s tochki zreniya Sudisman. Sleduyushchaya stat'ya yavlyayetsya Sudisman zreniya, kak
on skazal nash istochnik.
Vperedi G-30 sobytiy, tri fraktsii poyavilis' v PKI Politbyuro.
Sootvetstvenno, yavlyayutsya:
1. DN Aydit fraktsii (podderzhivayetsya MH Lukman).
DN Aydit yavlyayetsya Predsedatel' TSK - PKI, i MH Lukman zamestitelem Predsedatelya Pervogo
2. Sudisman fraktsii (sekretar' TSK - PKI)
3. Nyoto fraktsii (zamestitel' predsedatelya II CC - PKI
Fragmentatsiya Politbyuro (PB) v trekh fraktsiy, potomu chto nekotoryye veshchi, libo iz-za politicheskoy oriyentatsii, stil' rukovodstva kazhdogo cheloveka v PKI, a takzhe lichnyye politicheskiye interesy. Naprimer Sudisman imeyet sil'nyye korni v rabochikh. Nyoto rassmatrivayetsya slishkom predvzyato v Moskvu, v otlichiye ot oriyentirovannykh Aydit v Pekin.
Interesnyy vopros: kak otnosheniya s fraktsiyami G-30?
Poluchayetsya, chto igrayut rol' tol'ko Aydit fraktsii, dve drugiye fraktsii prakticheski ne imeyet voobshche, s planom deystviy.
Dvizheniye nachali podgotovku k realizatsii elementov Politbyuro (PB), kotoraya aktivna tol'ko Aydit. Dve drugiye fraktsii byli isklyucheny, potomu chto ona ne rabotayet. I eto, kazhetsya, tol'ko vopros politicheskoy Aydit odnikh tol'ko protsentov.
V politicheskikh tselyakh (ne govorya uzhe o lichnykh ambitsiy), Aydit bol'she kontaktov s PKI SKB (daleye do n.e.), predsedatelem kotorogo yavlyayetsya Sjam Kamaruzaman. Koroche govorya, s Aydit do n.e., kotoryye imeli bol'shuyu rol' v proyektirovanii i upravlenii sobytiyami. Sjam Aydit deyatel'nosti s etim, taynyy kharakter, imeya v vidu ne soobshchayutsya element partiynogo rukovodstva. Tak Aydit i Sjam deystviye vykhodit za ramki formal'nykh organizatsionnykh liniy.
Vazhnyye pozitsii s figuroy Sjam do n.e. V etom sluchaye, kotoryy zatem chasto yavlyayetsya predmetom diskussiy i ekspertnykh otsenok v svyazi s intsidentom. V dopolneniye k vazhnoye mesto, kotoroye vpechatlilo Sjam tainstvennaya figura, v rezul'tate chego spory vokrug nego ne bylo zaversheno.
Do n.e. eto drugoye nazvaniye Byuro armii. Iz nazvaniya yasno tol'ko, yego zadacha zaklyuchayetsya v sozdanii seti v armiyu (ABRI). Dlya postroyeniya seti (v nastoyashcheye vremya termin "rabota") v Vooruzhennykh Silakh, pri sodeystvii Sjam
nekotoryye tsifry, v chastnosti: Pono, bol'she izvestnyy kak Bono Waluyo, Hamim i Soejono Pradigdo. Sjam i boleye Pono otnosheniya s elementami armii, naznachayutsya na VVS element Bono.
Pri vypolnenii svoikh obyazannostey, BC, neposredstvenno podchinennyye Aydit, a nachal'nik otdela / Organizatsiya PKI Politbyuro. V dopolneniye k nazvaniye "Spetsial'nyy", linii VS takzhe spetsial'nykh operatsiy, kotoryye chasto deystvuyut do n.e.
vne ofitsial'noy koordinatsii partii. Yeshche odnoy osobennost'yu yavlyayetsya to, chto pryamoy dostup k Aydit. Iz-za nekotorykh privilegiy v Britanskoy Kolumbii, gde do n.e. Tol'ko v partii, chasto stavitsya pod somneniye i drugiye lidery PKI (za predelami Aydit). Dazhe nekotoroye vremya posle etogo sobytiya, kogda rech' idet Sudisman s sokamernikom tyur'me, sarkasticheski vyzova do n.e. kak PKI nezakonnym.
Po krayney mere, do nachala meropriyatiya, byli sotni dolzhnostnykh lits (bol'shinstvo elementov AD), kotoryy preuspel v ikh zdanii, merakh po vypolneniyu obyazatel'stv s ofitserami prakticheski sdelano ochen' solidno. Nekotoryye iz ofitserov,
pozzhe stali neposredstvennymi ispolnitelyami dvizheniya, takiye, kak podpolkovnik Pribyl' (odnogo komandira polka Bataliyon Cakrabirawa), polkovnik Abdul Latif (1 komandir brigady Dzhaya voyennogo komandovaniya), brigadnyy general Suparjo polkovnik Suherman (1 pomoshchnik komandira Diponegoro VII), Vozdukh Sudiono Col, mayor Sujono. Chto sleduyet podcherknut', ofitsery voshli v set' do n.e., ne mogut byt' vostrebovany v kachestve chlena PKI. Potomu chto oni zanimayutsya tol'ko s nashey ery, ne PKI kak organizatsii.
Potomu chto nosit' trek "spetsial'nyy", a ne ofitsial'noy linii, i taynyye (sekretnyye). Togda otnosheniya ili seti, postroyennyye do n.e., boleye pravil'no nazyvat' ubagai zagovora. S Sjam kachestve tsentral'nogo svyazi,
mezhdu fraktsiyami Aydit s elementami vooruzhennykh sil.
V dopolneniye k etim ofitseram, kotoryye byli otneseny k kategorii "vnutrennego kruga", BTS, a takzhe stroit' otnosheniya s ofitserami v ryadakh rukovodstva Vooruzhennykh sil, to yest' lyudi / Glavkom VVS Omar Dkhani (Bono) i Sukharto voyennykh mayor (kompaniya "rabotala" Sjam) . Do n.e. po ssylke, Omar Dkhani i Sukharto ne chuzhiye, oni schitayutsya "drug" ili
«Nashi lyudi». Khotya yeshche ne v kategorii "vnutrennego kruga". Forma takikh otnosheniy mozhet byt' sozdana, tem boleye chto rol' Sjam. V boleye pop, Sjam pozitsiya "pravyy-levyy-pravyy».
Sjam figura unikal'na, mnogiye lyudi nazyvayut eto tainstvennoye. Eto mozhet sluchit'sya, potomu chto yest' prezumptsiya Sjam "dvoynym agentom", on rabotal v AD i PKI (cherez do n.e.). Obmotka puteshestviye svoyey zhizni, a takzhe. Do prikhoda v
PKI, byli kadry liderov Sjam PSI Djohan Sjahroesjah, v voyne za nezavisimost' v Dzhok'yakarta. V etot period, my nakhodim sledy interesnoy istoriyey, a imenno nalichiye «gruppy Pathok".
Pathok eto nazvaniye derevni v gorode Dzhok'yakarta, kotoraya chasto ispol'zuyetsya kak mesto vstrechi mezhdu Sjam, Aydit, i molodoy ofitser, podpolkovnik Sukharto. Takim obrazom, vvedeniye mezhdu tremya muzhchinami, ne dol'she. Osobenno
Aydit yest' dolg blagodarnosti Sjam, potomu chto proshlo Sjam Aydit i Lukman, kogda oni provodyatsya v portu Tandzhung Priok, v nachale 1950 goda.
Po vozvrashchenii Aydit i Lukman, iz-za rubezha, chtoby ubezhat', posle dela Madiun.
Set' urovnya konfidentsial'nosti postroyen ochen' vysokoy do nashey ery. Rapihnya takaya sekretnost', chto, v toy stepeni, general-mayor S. Parman v kachestve pomoshchnika vvoda / razvedchikov / armiya, tozhe zhertva. Tem ne meneye, v kachestve pomoshchnika razvedki, general-mayor S. Parman dolzhny ponyat' situatsiyu, chto proiskhodilo
v Vooruzhennykh silakh i natsional'noy politicheskoy sredy v tselom. To zhe samoye nevezhestvo rukovodstva PKI. Nravitsya chitayem o Pike Sudisman vyshe. Predstavlyayetsya takzhe, ot nepodgotovlennosti infrastruktury otkrytykh klyuchey, v litso
"Moringa unichtozhennykh" (izmel'chennyy s kornem) cherez nekotoroye vremya posle sobytiya.
Po dannym nashikh istochnikov, spisok dolzhnostnykh lits, kotoryye v"yezzhayut do n.e. seti, Yest' imena, kotoryye kazhetsya nevozmozhnym, chto voyti v set'. Takim obrazom, istinnost' faktov, tam dolzhno byt' podtverzhdeniye ili dal'neyshikh issledovaniy. Imena ofitserov: Amira Makhmuda Ali Murtopo, Basuki
Rakhmat i Kardono (AU).
Imya drugogo sotrudnika, sleduyet otmetit', Pranoto Rekso Samudro, kotoryy togda sluzhil pomoshchnikom III / Personal Muzhchiny / Armiya.
Chto interesno Pranoto polozheniye ne bylo vklyucheno v set' do n.e., potomu Pranoto boleye sklonny k fraktsii Nyoto.
Iz trekh fraktsiy v NT, Fraktsii Fraktsii Nyoto nakhoditsya blizhe vsego k prezidentu Sukarno. Eto stalo vozmozhnym blagodarya pozitsii Nyoto kak gosudarstvennyy ministr, kotoryy naznachayetsya prezidentom. Takim obrazom mezhdu Bung Karno, Nyoto i Pranoto, nakhodyatsya v odnoy osi. Teper', yesli my pomnim, obratno,
otkaz ot naznacheniya general-mayor Sukharto, kak storozh Muzhchiny Pranoto / Armiya v to vremya, v dopolneniye k pokazu otnosheniye nepovinoveniya protiv prezidenta Sukharto, eto mozhet byt' chast'yu "sopernichestvo" mezhdu fraktsiyami, tak kak Sukharto - cherez Sjam - Fraktsii Aydit zapisi. S
primerno za god do sobytiy, i konflikt mezhdu Aydit Nyoto vse boleye ostrymi. Nyoto rol' v NT byla umen'shena, a takzhe udalen kak redaktora «Krasnoy zvezdy».
TEORIYA disjuncture
V svyazi s manevrom jarintan do n.e., val Fraktsii Aydit - BC / Sjam - Elementy vooruzhennykh sil (leytenant schast'yu, Brig Suparjo, Col Latifa i dr.), nash istochnik dal'neyshego soderzhat analiz, potomu chto nash istochnik byl boleye ili meneye iz sobytiya. On predstavit «Teoriya
Razryva », chtoby ob"yasnit' G30S delom, osobenno v epizode pokhishcheniya generalov. Potomu chto nash istochnik ofitserom razvedki, razvedki normal'no, chto podrobnyy analiz.
V razvedyvatel'noy operatsii, sredi kotorykh ne ispol'zuyut (sub"yekt) tem, kotoryye ispol'zuyutsya predmeta, ob"yekta ili operator, kak pravilo, net nikakogo pryamogo otnosheniya. Tak chto razryv mezhdu sub"yektom
i ob"yektov, v etom i zaklyuchayetsya «teoriya razryva" v etom intsidente. I opyat' zhe, razryv mezhdu sub"yektom i ob"yektom, yavlyayetsya to, chto ochen' neobychno v mire razvedki.
«Razvod po protsedure" na samom dele mery predostorozhnosti (bezopasnost'), yesli operator ne kak ob"yekt, a zatem partii, kotoryye ispol'zuyut (sub"yekt), ne mozhet byt' podtverzhdena, a zatem mozhet byt' nevmeshatel'stve. Prosto, na prostom primere my mozhem videt' na ekrane posledovatel'nogo
"Missiya nevypolnima", gde v zastavke my vidim stsenu, chto pol'zovatel' (britanskoy sekretnoy sluzhby) ne budet nesti otvetstvennost', yesli proizoshel sboy operatsii.
Togda kak mezhdu sub"yektami i ob"yektami otnosyatsya? Otvet predskazuyema, to yest' tret'yey storonoy. Eta tret'ya storona v dva raza, on svyazuyushchiy faktor i faktor vyklyuchateley, a takzhe. Kogda operatsiya
s chego nachat', tret'yey storonoy, yavlyayetsya ssylkoy. No yesli v odin prekrasnyy den', okazyvayetsya, ne poluchitsya, togda tret'ya storona, kotoraya byla svyaz', v nastoyashcheye vremya vyklyuchatelya. To yest' razryv mezhdu sub"yektom i ob"yektom, tak, chtoby ob"yekt mozhet izbezhat' otvetstvennosti. Yesli operatsiya proshla uspeshno, kazhdaya storona mozhet vernut'sya v svoyu sredu obitaniya so spokoynym, kak budto nichego ne proizoshlo.
V svyazi s intsidentom, v zavisimosti ot storony, kotoraya vystupayet v kachestve sub"yekta, ob"yekta i tret'ikh lits, a takzhe svyaz' i vyklyuchateli? Ob"yekt CLA, ob"yekt (operator) yavlyayetsya podpolkovnik Laki i starshiy leytenant Arief Doel, i storonnikh fraktsii Aydit atalah most-BC / Sjam -
Elementy Vooruzhennykh Sil. Tak, kotoroye budet ispol'zovat'sya v otchete o pribylyakh operatsii TSRU i pervyy podpolkovnik atalah Doel Arief, no TSRU ne bylo neposredstvenno svyazano s Pribyl' / Doel Arief, no cherez val Aydit / Sjam.
Yesli risovannoy grafikoy, Osi TSRU svyazey s DNK / Sjam atalah pryamoy linii, chto oznachayet pryamoy kontakt. Analogichno, iz Poros DNK / Sjam polkovniku Pribyl' / Starshiy leytenant Arief Doel v kachestve operatora. Buduchi operatorom TSRU
(Pribyl' / Doel Arief), yavlyayetsya punktirnaya liniya, kotoraya ne imeyet pryamogo otnosheniya.
Chto interesno, chto DNK most / Sjam samom dele igrat' bol'she, chem prosto «tret'yey storony». V usloviyakh tekushchego krizisa, oni takzhe imeyut svoi sobstvennyye politicheskiye interesy. Tak proizoshla vstrecha mezhdu TSRU i interesy
Val DNK / Sjam, i na osnove svoikh sobstvennykh politicheskikh interesov, oni oba ispol'zuyut tot zhe operator (pribyl' / Doel Arief.)
Okazyvayetsya operatsiya ne udalas', potomu chto yest' chleny Aydit most / Sjam bezhavshiy, a imenno mayor Sukharto. Potomu chto general-mayor Sukharto byl dostup k Fraktsii Aydit / Sjam i operatora (pribyl' / Doel Arif), to ona mozhet byt' bystro Sukharto takzhe kacheniya Fraktsii Aydit / Sjam, a takzhe elementy operatora. Doel leytenant Arief v kachestve ispolnitelya v etoy oblasti, zakonchil ranniye, voyska pod komandovaniyem polkovnika Ali Murtopo (konechno, po prikazu Sukharto). Podpolkovnik K schast'yu vse zhe udalos' bezhat', no byl poyman tozhe, i nemedlenno kaznen. ***
TNI chasy! Vopros, kotoryy prednaznachen dlya kontrolya za povedeniyem voyennosluzhashchikh, okolo mutatsiy v TNI, profili i ofitserov armii puteshestviyakh, narusheniya prav cheloveka zloupotrebleniyakh, voyennoy politiki, ispol'zovali oruzhiye, i tak daleye. Tsel' sostoit v tom, chto zriteli mogut ponyat' eto i sobralis' vmeste nadzora.
Nedavney redaktsionnoy TNI chasy! poluchil informatsiyu ot byvshego politzaklyuchennogo (podpolkovnik Pilot ch). On razvedki ofitsera VVS, kogda sobytiya "G.30.S" vspykhnul. Kogda
tomitsya v RTM (gauptvakhta) Budi Utomo, Tsentral'noy Dzhakarte, nash istochnik byl razgovor s Sudisman (odin iz chlenov Politbyuro PKI), ob intsidente, konechno, s tochki zreniya Sudisman. Sleduyushchaya stat'ya yavlyayetsya Sudisman zreniya, kak
on skazal nash istochnik.
Vperedi G-30 sobytiy, tri fraktsii poyavilis' v PKI Politbyuro.
Sootvetstvenno, yavlyayutsya:
1. DN Aydit fraktsii (podderzhivayetsya MH Lukman).
DN Aydit yavlyayetsya Predsedatel' TSK - PKI, i MH Lukman zamestitelem Predsedatelya Pervogo
2. Sudisman fraktsii (sekretar' TSK - PKI)
3. Nyoto fraktsii (zamestitel' predsedatelya II CC - PKI
Fragmentatsiya Politbyuro (PB) v trekh fraktsiy, potomu chto nekotoryye veshchi, libo iz-za politicheskoy oriyentatsii, stil' rukovodstva kazhdogo cheloveka v PKI, a takzhe lichnyye politicheskiye interesy. Naprimer Sudisman imeyet sil'nyye korni v rabochikh. Nyoto rassmatrivayetsya slishkom predvzyato v Moskvu, v otlichiye ot oriyentirovannykh Aydit v Pekin.
Interesnyy vopros: kak otnosheniya s fraktsiyami G-30?
Poluchayetsya, chto igrayut rol' tol'ko Aydit fraktsii, dve drugiye fraktsii prakticheski ne imeyet voobshche, s planom deystviy.
Dvizheniye nachali podgotovku k realizatsii elementov Politbyuro (PB), kotoraya aktivna tol'ko Aydit. Dve drugiye fraktsii byli isklyucheny, potomu chto ona ne rabotayet. I eto, kazhetsya, tol'ko vopros politicheskoy Aydit odnikh tol'ko protsentov.
V politicheskikh tselyakh (ne govorya uzhe o lichnykh ambitsiy), Aydit bol'she kontaktov s PKI SKB (daleye do n.e.), predsedatelem kotorogo yavlyayetsya Sjam Kamaruzaman. Koroche govorya, s Aydit do n.e., kotoryye imeli bol'shuyu rol' v proyektirovanii i upravlenii sobytiyami. Sjam Aydit deyatel'nosti s etim, taynyy kharakter, imeya v vidu ne soobshchayutsya element partiynogo rukovodstva. Tak Aydit i Sjam deystviye vykhodit za ramki formal'nykh organizatsionnykh liniy.
Vazhnyye pozitsii s figuroy Sjam do n.e. V etom sluchaye, kotoryy zatem chasto yavlyayetsya predmetom diskussiy i ekspertnykh otsenok v svyazi s intsidentom. V dopolneniye k vazhnoye mesto, kotoroye vpechatlilo Sjam tainstvennaya figura, v rezul'tate chego spory vokrug nego ne bylo zaversheno.
Do n.e. eto drugoye nazvaniye Byuro armii. Iz nazvaniya yasno tol'ko, yego zadacha zaklyuchayetsya v sozdanii seti v armiyu (ABRI). Dlya postroyeniya seti (v nastoyashcheye vremya termin "rabota") v Vooruzhennykh Silakh, pri sodeystvii Sjam
nekotoryye tsifry, v chastnosti: Pono, bol'she izvestnyy kak Bono Waluyo, Hamim i Soejono Pradigdo. Sjam i boleye Pono otnosheniya s elementami armii, naznachayutsya na VVS element Bono.
Pri vypolnenii svoikh obyazannostey, BC, neposredstvenno podchinennyye Aydit, a nachal'nik otdela / Organizatsiya PKI Politbyuro. V dopolneniye k nazvaniye "Spetsial'nyy", linii VS takzhe spetsial'nykh operatsiy, kotoryye chasto deystvuyut do n.e.
vne ofitsial'noy koordinatsii partii. Yeshche odnoy osobennost'yu yavlyayetsya to, chto pryamoy dostup k Aydit. Iz-za nekotorykh privilegiy v Britanskoy Kolumbii, gde do n.e. Tol'ko v partii, chasto stavitsya pod somneniye i drugiye lidery PKI (za predelami Aydit). Dazhe nekotoroye vremya posle etogo sobytiya, kogda rech' idet Sudisman s sokamernikom tyur'me, sarkasticheski vyzova do n.e. kak PKI nezakonnym.
Po krayney mere, do nachala meropriyatiya, byli sotni dolzhnostnykh lits (bol'shinstvo elementov AD), kotoryy preuspel v ikh zdanii, merakh po vypolneniyu obyazatel'stv s ofitserami prakticheski sdelano ochen' solidno. Nekotoryye iz ofitserov,
pozzhe stali neposredstvennymi ispolnitelyami dvizheniya, takiye, kak podpolkovnik Pribyl' (odnogo komandira polka Bataliyon Cakrabirawa), polkovnik Abdul Latif (1 komandir brigady Dzhaya voyennogo komandovaniya), brigadnyy general Suparjo polkovnik Suherman (1 pomoshchnik komandira Diponegoro VII), Vozdukh Sudiono Col, mayor Sujono. Chto sleduyet podcherknut', ofitsery voshli v set' do n.e., ne mogut byt' vostrebovany v kachestve chlena PKI. Potomu chto oni zanimayutsya tol'ko s nashey ery, ne PKI kak organizatsii.
Potomu chto nosit' trek "spetsial'nyy", a ne ofitsial'noy linii, i taynyye (sekretnyye). Togda otnosheniya ili seti, postroyennyye do n.e., boleye pravil'no nazyvat' ubagai zagovora. S Sjam kachestve tsentral'nogo svyazi,
mezhdu fraktsiyami Aydit s elementami vooruzhennykh sil.
V dopolneniye k etim ofitseram, kotoryye byli otneseny k kategorii "vnutrennego kruga", BTS, a takzhe stroit' otnosheniya s ofitserami v ryadakh rukovodstva Vooruzhennykh sil, to yest' lyudi / Glavkom VVS Omar Dkhani (Bono) i Sukharto voyennykh mayor (kompaniya "rabotala" Sjam) . Do n.e. po ssylke, Omar Dkhani i Sukharto ne chuzhiye, oni schitayutsya "drug" ili
«Nashi lyudi». Khotya yeshche ne v kategorii "vnutrennego kruga". Forma takikh otnosheniy mozhet byt' sozdana, tem boleye chto rol' Sjam. V boleye pop, Sjam pozitsiya "pravyy-levyy-pravyy».
Sjam figura unikal'na, mnogiye lyudi nazyvayut eto tainstvennoye. Eto mozhet sluchit'sya, potomu chto yest' prezumptsiya Sjam "dvoynym agentom", on rabotal v AD i PKI (cherez do n.e.). Obmotka puteshestviye svoyey zhizni, a takzhe. Do prikhoda v
PKI, byli kadry liderov Sjam PSI Djohan Sjahroesjah, v voyne za nezavisimost' v Dzhok'yakarta. V etot period, my nakhodim sledy interesnoy istoriyey, a imenno nalichiye «gruppy Pathok".
Pathok eto nazvaniye derevni v gorode Dzhok'yakarta, kotoraya chasto ispol'zuyetsya kak mesto vstrechi mezhdu Sjam, Aydit, i molodoy ofitser, podpolkovnik Sukharto. Takim obrazom, vvedeniye mezhdu tremya muzhchinami, ne dol'she. Osobenno
Aydit yest' dolg blagodarnosti Sjam, potomu chto proshlo Sjam Aydit i Lukman, kogda oni provodyatsya v portu Tandzhung Priok, v nachale 1950 goda.
Po vozvrashchenii Aydit i Lukman, iz-za rubezha, chtoby ubezhat', posle dela Madiun.
Set' urovnya konfidentsial'nosti postroyen ochen' vysokoy do nashey ery. Rapihnya takaya sekretnost', chto, v toy stepeni, general-mayor S. Parman v kachestve pomoshchnika vvoda / razvedchikov / armiya, tozhe zhertva. Tem ne meneye, v kachestve pomoshchnika razvedki, general-mayor S. Parman dolzhny ponyat' situatsiyu, chto proiskhodilo
v Vooruzhennykh silakh i natsional'noy politicheskoy sredy v tselom. To zhe samoye nevezhestvo rukovodstva PKI. Nravitsya chitayem o Pike Sudisman vyshe. Predstavlyayetsya takzhe, ot nepodgotovlennosti infrastruktury otkrytykh klyuchey, v litso
"Moringa unichtozhennykh" (izmel'chennyy s kornem) cherez nekotoroye vremya posle sobytiya.
Po dannym nashikh istochnikov, spisok dolzhnostnykh lits, kotoryye v"yezzhayut do n.e. seti, Yest' imena, kotoryye kazhetsya nevozmozhnym, chto voyti v set'. Takim obrazom, istinnost' faktov, tam dolzhno byt' podtverzhdeniye ili dal'neyshikh issledovaniy. Imena ofitserov: Amira Makhmuda Ali Murtopo, Basuki
Rakhmat i Kardono (AU).
Imya drugogo sotrudnika, sleduyet otmetit', Pranoto Rekso Samudro, kotoryy togda sluzhil pomoshchnikom III / Personal Muzhchiny / Armiya.
Chto interesno Pranoto polozheniye ne bylo vklyucheno v set' do n.e., potomu Pranoto boleye sklonny k fraktsii Nyoto.
Iz trekh fraktsiy v NT, Fraktsii Fraktsii Nyoto nakhoditsya blizhe vsego k prezidentu Sukarno. Eto stalo vozmozhnym blagodarya pozitsii Nyoto kak gosudarstvennyy ministr, kotoryy naznachayetsya prezidentom. Takim obrazom mezhdu Bung Karno, Nyoto i Pranoto, nakhodyatsya v odnoy osi. Teper', yesli my pomnim, obratno,
otkaz ot naznacheniya general-mayor Sukharto, kak storozh Muzhchiny Pranoto / Armiya v to vremya, v dopolneniye k pokazu otnosheniye nepovinoveniya protiv prezidenta Sukharto, eto mozhet byt' chast'yu "sopernichestvo" mezhdu fraktsiyami, tak kak Sukharto - cherez Sjam - Fraktsii Aydit zapisi. S
primerno za god do sobytiy, i konflikt mezhdu Aydit Nyoto vse boleye ostrymi. Nyoto rol' v NT byla umen'shena, a takzhe udalen kak redaktora «Krasnoy zvezdy».
TEORIYA disjuncture
V svyazi s manevrom jarintan do n.e., val Fraktsii Aydit - BC / Sjam - Elementy vooruzhennykh sil (leytenant schast'yu, Brig Suparjo, Col Latifa i dr.), nash istochnik dal'neyshego soderzhat analiz, potomu chto nash istochnik byl boleye ili meneye iz sobytiya. On predstavit «Teoriya
Razryva », chtoby ob"yasnit' G30S delom, osobenno v epizode pokhishcheniya generalov. Potomu chto nash istochnik ofitserom razvedki, razvedki normal'no, chto podrobnyy analiz.
V razvedyvatel'noy operatsii, sredi kotorykh ne ispol'zuyut (sub"yekt) tem, kotoryye ispol'zuyutsya predmeta, ob"yekta ili operator, kak pravilo, net nikakogo pryamogo otnosheniya. Tak chto razryv mezhdu sub"yektom
i ob"yektov, v etom i zaklyuchayetsya «teoriya razryva" v etom intsidente. I opyat' zhe, razryv mezhdu sub"yektom i ob"yektom, yavlyayetsya to, chto ochen' neobychno v mire razvedki.
«Razvod po protsedure" na samom dele mery predostorozhnosti (bezopasnost'), yesli operator ne kak ob"yekt, a zatem partii, kotoryye ispol'zuyut (sub"yekt), ne mozhet byt' podtverzhdena, a zatem mozhet byt' nevmeshatel'stve. Prosto, na prostom primere my mozhem videt' na ekrane posledovatel'nogo
"Missiya nevypolnima", gde v zastavke my vidim stsenu, chto pol'zovatel' (britanskoy sekretnoy sluzhby) ne budet nesti otvetstvennost', yesli proizoshel sboy operatsii.
Togda kak mezhdu sub"yektami i ob"yektami otnosyatsya? Otvet predskazuyema, to yest' tret'yey storonoy. Eta tret'ya storona v dva raza, on svyazuyushchiy faktor i faktor vyklyuchateley, a takzhe. Kogda operatsiya
s chego nachat', tret'yey storonoy, yavlyayetsya ssylkoy. No yesli v odin prekrasnyy den', okazyvayetsya, ne poluchitsya, togda tret'ya storona, kotoraya byla svyaz', v nastoyashcheye vremya vyklyuchatelya. To yest' razryv mezhdu sub"yektom i ob"yektom, tak, chtoby ob"yekt mozhet izbezhat' otvetstvennosti. Yesli operatsiya proshla uspeshno, kazhdaya storona mozhet vernut'sya v svoyu sredu obitaniya so spokoynym, kak budto nichego ne proizoshlo.
V svyazi s intsidentom, v zavisimosti ot storony, kotoraya vystupayet v kachestve sub"yekta, ob"yekta i tret'ikh lits, a takzhe svyaz' i vyklyuchateli? Ob"yekt CLA, ob"yekt (operator) yavlyayetsya podpolkovnik Laki i starshiy leytenant Arief Doel, i storonnikh fraktsii Aydit atalah most-BC / Sjam -
Elementy Vooruzhennykh Sil. Tak, kotoroye budet ispol'zovat'sya v otchete o pribylyakh operatsii TSRU i pervyy podpolkovnik atalah Doel Arief, no TSRU ne bylo neposredstvenno svyazano s Pribyl' / Doel Arief, no cherez val Aydit / Sjam.
Yesli risovannoy grafikoy, Osi TSRU svyazey s DNK / Sjam atalah pryamoy linii, chto oznachayet pryamoy kontakt. Analogichno, iz Poros DNK / Sjam polkovniku Pribyl' / Starshiy leytenant Arief Doel v kachestve operatora. Buduchi operatorom TSRU
(Pribyl' / Doel Arief), yavlyayetsya punktirnaya liniya, kotoraya ne imeyet pryamogo otnosheniya.
Chto interesno, chto DNK most / Sjam samom dele igrat' bol'she, chem prosto «tret'yey storony». V usloviyakh tekushchego krizisa, oni takzhe imeyut svoi sobstvennyye politicheskiye interesy. Tak proizoshla vstrecha mezhdu TSRU i interesy
Val DNK / Sjam, i na osnove svoikh sobstvennykh politicheskikh interesov, oni oba ispol'zuyut tot zhe operator (pribyl' / Doel Arief.)
Okazyvayetsya operatsiya ne udalas', potomu chto yest' chleny Aydit most / Sjam bezhavshiy, a imenno mayor Sukharto. Potomu chto general-mayor Sukharto byl dostup k Fraktsii Aydit / Sjam i operatora (pribyl' / Doel Arif), to ona mozhet byt' bystro Sukharto takzhe kacheniya Fraktsii Aydit / Sjam, a takzhe elementy operatora. Doel leytenant Arief v kachestve ispolnitelya v etoy oblasti, zakonchil ranniye, voyska pod komandovaniyem polkovnika Ali Murtopo (konechno, po prikazu Sukharto). Podpolkovnik K schast'yu vse zhe udalos' bezhat', no byl poyman tozhe, i nemedlenno kaznen. ***
TNI chasy! Vopros, kotoryy prednaznachen dlya kontrolya za povedeniyem voyennosluzhashchikh, okolo mutatsiy v TNI, profili i ofitserov armii puteshestviyakh, narusheniya prav cheloveka zloupotrebleniyakh, voyennoy politiki, ispol'zovali oruzhiye, i tak daleye. Tsel' sostoit v tom, chto zriteli mogut ponyat' eto i sobralis' vmeste nadzora.
